Ikea Enntering the Russian Market Essay

The best way to search for viable alternative entry strategies is to watch the mistakes IKEA made and the problems they had by entering the Russian market. But first there are several company related attributes to mention. IKEA is a company which is highly related to their Swedish tradition and origin as this is a basically part of their marketing strategy and corporate identity. Many people are connecting IKEA’s Swedish image with the way IKEA is communicating their product range: Cheap, easy and yet reliable and stylish. Because of these conditions given, IKEA is forced to make sure that they are able to transfer these elements of their corporate idea into the Russian market. Of course there always are slightly differences from country to country in the way IKEA communicates to their customers, but adoptions should be limited to executive marketing decisions and not interfere with IKEA’s basic business idea. These previous points are strongly limiting any kind of indirect entry strategy. IKEA needs to keep the conceptional differences between their home markets and the Russian points of sale as small as possible. That means as further the gap is between the original shops and the ones in Russia, the bigger is the chance of a flawed identity. Therefore entry strategies like franchising, licensing and indirect export over all could not be an opportunity to enter the Russian market. The reason is simple: It will get quite hard to find a Russian businessman who is familiar enough with Swedish culture. The franchise guidelines IKEA would be forced to give out would probably fill up thousands of pages and even then, Russian IKEA franchise businesses would communicate anything else but Swedish family piece to their customers. IKEA remains facing the more viable entry strategies of a direct export in terms of opening their own stores in Russia as they did, or to start an alliance as a strategica lly partnership or joint venture. The major problem they IKEA faced by choosing the direct export as an entry strategy was the missing knowledge and experience about the Russian market, its further development, the people and the Russian culture as well as Russian living conditions. The arrangement and adaption of the communication strategy and the product range took place steadily and needed time. Therefore, even if the Russian market potential was still growing and expanding IKEA lost market share and sales power because of wasted resources and by performing a not optimally adjusted marketing strategy. A solution to face these problems from the start of the market  entry would have been to search for a Russian partner company that is capable of IKEA’s missing knowledge. The different opportunities in here are based in the shaping and the form of alliance. IKEA can be sure that they have got a very well working business model. They don’t want to share their success even if a deeper alliance would probably allow them to share loss as well in case of failure. IKEA wants to keep control of the company as it is still private hold and they want to keep it that way in Russia. In addition a joint venture alliance usually is kind of a long term relationship. IKEA indeed just needs a partner to get started in the market Russia. Once they catch on they might want to quickly quit former alliances. In my opinion the best solution would have been a strategic alliance with a possibly quite small partner as the object of trade for IKEA is just knowledge. A small, traditional company that enables IKEA the transfer and arrangement of their culture and company politics into the Russian market by providing all the information IKEA needs to prevent the above-mentioned mistakes. The partner company is not needed to perform in any physical goods business as their relationship to IKEA will only be based on information access. After the successful market entry, the strategic, information based alliance could be quit quickly and easy or getting changed into a usual business relationship, depending on the need of future information supply of IKEA.

Critiquing Internet Sources Essay

The internet is filled with information. Podcasts, videos, and blogs are the most used forms of information on the internet. Three factors that need to be used when evaluating internet sources for use in research are authority, can the speaker be authenticated, and is he qualified to speak on the subject, accuracy, can the information be found in other credible sources, and currency is the information current or when was the last revision to the page? The topic is Elder Abuse, a blog, video, and podcast, have been evaluated pertaining to the subject to show the credibility and reliability of the sources. A blog is a website containing a writer’s or group of writers’ own experiences, observations, opinions, etc., and often having images and links to other websites (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). The blog Elder Care and Technology is written by a group of writers’ in the Walton Law Firm. The blog explains in detail the impact of modern technology on Elder Abuse. The law firm based in San Diego, California specializes in court cases representing abused elders and their families. The Law firm can be authenticated and has been successful in prosecuting and retaining damages against nursing homes and personal care homes for years (Walton Law Firm, 2014). The blog does show some bias against people and organizations accused of elder abuse. The information in the blog is accurate and valid, because there are links to the law firm site that confirm the blog’s content. The information is current and applicable to the topic of Elder Abuse. A video is the recording, reproducing, or broadcasting of moving visual images (Oxford Dictionaries, 2015). The video Elder Abuse: the Crime of the Twenty-First Century, was produced by The Stein Institute for Research on Aging. The guest speaker is Deputy District Attorney of San Diego County; Paul Greenwood J.D. Attorney Greenwood has prosecuted over  four-hundred felony cases of Elder Abuse, both physic al and financial. The video gives a detailed explanation of what is being done in the state of California to combat Elder Abuse. The speaker is biased towards the prosecuting of those who mistreat the elderly. Attorney Greenwood is a valid source and the information he shares in the video is applicable to this research. The video shares information that can be found in other resources and is just one in a series offered by The Stein Institute for Research on Aging to show the new ideas that the state of California is implementing to fight elder abuse. District Attorney Greenwood is a credible source for information because of his background in the fight against elder abuse. The video is informative and the speaker is clear and concise in his reporting of the facts. A podcast is a digital audio file made available on the internet for downloading to a computer or portable media player, typically as a series, new installments of which can be received by subscribers automatically (Oxford Dictionaries, 201 5). The New York City Elder Abuse center has a series of podcasts about Elder Justice. The center was erected in 2009 to improve professional, organizational, and system responses to elder abuse (NYCEAC, 2013). The most current podcast in the aging series is Ageism, Elder Justice, and The Legacy Project, each podcast has a guest speaker and the speaker on this podcast is Professor Karl Pillemer, a noted author, Director of Bronfenbrenner’s Center for Translational Research, Hazel E. Reed Professor in the Department of Human Development, Professor of Gerontology in Medicine at the Weill Cornell Medical Center, and a collaborator on the Legacy Project (Cornell University, 2015). Professor Pillemer is an expert on the issues of the elderly, and his qualified to express his opinions though somewhat biased in favor of the elderly. He uses his bias in a way that expresses the deep concern for the elderly and their treatment, which tends to sway one to favor his arguments. The podcast is one in a series of valid podcasts and the information is easily applied to this research. The information can also be found in other credible sources on the internet. The information given in blogs, videos, and podcasts are great examples of web-based information. Web-based information has a major influence on how students gather information for research, global citizenship, and multicultural understanding. Web-based information helps develop intercultural literacies that students, parents,  educators, and leadership groups need to live and work as a diverse and globalized population. Web-based information gives the user awareness of the interconnectedness with people and environments around the globe (Department of Education, 2013). Web-based information is being infused in today’s global history classroom curriculum to enable students to have access to the global network of multimedia information while being engaged in self-directed learning activities (Scheidel, 2003). Web-based information influences the understanding of global citizenship and multicultural understanding, because people are able to put themselves in the position of the citizens of foreign countries, which helps them broaden their understanding of the different cultures that they meet right here in the United States, and helps us understand the complexities of ethnicity and culture (Hickling, 2012). Elder Abuse is a subject that has recently been raised by different organizations and advocates that fight for the elderly and their rights. The different blogs, videos, and podcasts, are ways that a researcher can find the relevant information they need to learn more about the subject and the policies being used to combat elder abuse. The internet is the leading source of information in society today. The information by way of blogs, videos, and podcasts are all perfect ways to get and exchange information. The credibility and relevance of the information should be easy to prove and sh ould always be authenticated when using these methods for research. References Ageism, Elder Justice & The Legacy Project (April 22, 2014). Retrieved from: http://podgallery.org/elder-justice-podcast-series/ January10, 2015 Cornell University College of Human Ecology (2015). Karl Pillemer-Bio Retrieved from: http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=kap6 January 11, 2015 Department of Education and Early Childhood Development Education for Global and Multicultural Citizenship: A Strategy for Victorian Government Schools 2009-2013. Retrieved from: http://www.education.vic.gov.au/studentlearning/programs/multicultural/default.htm. January 11, 2015. Elder Abuse: The Crime of the Twenty-First Century? – Research on Aging MAY 5, 2014 University of California Television (UCTV) Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JoUapRfjZw January 10, 2015. Elder Care and Technology By Walton Law Firm http://www.nursinghomeabuselawyerblog.com/2014/05/elder-care-technology.html Hickling, F.W. (2012). Understanding Patients in Multicultural Settings: A Personal Reflection on Ethnicity and Culture in Clinical Practice. Ethnicity & Health, 17(1/2), 203-216. Doi:10. 1080/ 13557858.2012 655266. Retrieved from: Ashford University Library, January 14, 2015. Oxford University Press (2015) http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/ Scheidet, R.A. (2003). Improving Student Achievement by Infusing a Web-Based Curriculum into Global History. Journal Of Research on Technology in Education. International Society for Technology in Education, 36(1), 77-94. Retrieved from: Ashford University Library, January 14, 2015.

Anti-Aging Compare

Women's Anti-Aging Products The flirts ant-aging product for women that I researched was LOLA Total Effects 7-Len-l Anta-Slang Moisturizer Mature Skin Therapy. The product weights 1. 07 oz and can be purchased at C.V. for $18. 99. The target audience of this product is a woman who is currently undergoing menopause because, according to the package, during this process skin ages twice its normal rate. Hence its name, the product offers 7 services; line minimization, intense moisture, skin tone enhancement, exfoliation, pore refinement, free radical defense and subtle lifting. This product is part of Lay's Total Effects system.Of course for the best results they want you to purchase their other matching products such as their Total Effects cleanser. According to www. Wisped. Org, the Lola brand has an annual net sale of over 1 billion dollars and belong to parent company Proctor and Gamble. The second female anti-aging product that I researched was AVENUE Active Naturals Positively Rad iant Ann-wrinkle Cream which retails for $15. 99 for 1. 7 oz at C.V.. According to its packaging, this formula has been clinically proven to soften fine lines and wrinkles as well as Improve skin texture by using natural Ingredients such as soy.The target audience of his product could not be specifically located. Much Like Lola, Avenue recommends pairing this product with other Avenue active natural products. Avenue belongs to parent company Johnson and Johnson. The last anti-aging product for women that I researched is Burst's Bees Radiance Night Creme which retails for 14. 99 for jazz at C.V.. This product claims to use powerful ingredients found in nature, such as Royal Jelly, which will stimulate cellular renewal In skin and also diminish fine lines. Royal Jelly Is what worker bees feed their queen and consists of several essential amino acids and vitamins such as A, C and E.There was no target audience listed within the product description so I went to www. Burgesses. Com to in vestigate more. I did not find a specific audience there either but I did read testimonials for women who praised the product for not being harsh on their skin like other anti-aging products. The product follows the Beret's Bee tradition of not being tested on animals and is also 99. 02% natural. The Beret's Bees Incorporation was bought by the Color Company In 2007. Men's Anti-Slang Products The first men's anti;aging product that I researched was Men's Expert Vita Lift Anti- Wrinkle and Firming Moisturizer by L'Oreal.This product retails at $10. 49 for 1. 6 oz. This product targets male consumers who wish to combat tired skin and wrinkles associated with aging who are in their ass. The two key ingredients to the product are Pro-Retinal and Par-Lastly. According to the package, the products full results can be seen after 4 weeks of dally use. Much like some of the women's products I researched, this product Is part of a system that Includes other Items such as a face wash. This pro duct is made by L'Oreal Paris which is owned by the L'Oreal Group which is the largest cosmetics business in the world.The second men's anti-aging reduce that I researched was Naive for men Revitalization Lotion QUO which retails for $8. 99 at C.V.. Although is product is an anti-aging product, the word wrinkle never appears in It's packaging but replaced with words Like tired or stressed skin. The product utilizes anta-slang component commence QUIZ wince Is naturally Tuna In ten skin. No specific audience was outright targeted in the labeling. Naive is owned by Beresford, a company based out of Germany. The last men's anti-aging product for men that I researched was Nitrogen Men Triple Protect Face Lotion which retails for $7. 09 at drugstore. Mom. C.V. was limited to its men's anti-aging products so I had to look to other sources. This product had the most simplistic information packaging, even for a men's product. The product states it will â€Å"defend† skin by reducing t he appearance of lines and rough texture for healthier skin. The product does not specifically list how the product works. Nitrogen is owned by the Johnson and Johnson Company. Women's Anti-Aging Procedures Bottom injection is an anti-aging procedure which the doctor performs right in his/her office. Bottom works by paralyzing facial muscles which, if left to contract, would cause wrinkles.The age of the typical Bottom patient is a person between the ages of 35 to 60. The full results of the treatment can be seen in a week and lasts approximately three to five months. In the year 2007 there were more than 1. 6 million Bottom injections. The cost of the procedure can vary in price due to reasons such as severity of wrinkles , region and doctor but a patient can expect to pay anywhere from $125 to $400 for treatment. Although this procedure can be done on both men and women, I choose to select it for the women's category due to the simple fact that the website where I found my informa tion for the procedure, unrealistically. Mom, had an image of a woman on the Bottom page. The next procedure for women which I researched was the chemical peel. Chemical peels are used to remedy conditions such as fine lines, wrinkles and age spots on the hands, neck and face. The ideal peel candidate has fair skin and suffers from the previous conditions commonly associated with sun damage and aging. A chemical peel is not a solution for a person trying to rid themselves of deep wrinkles. The actual procedure involves putting a chemical, such as glycol or salicylic acid, to wound the skin in order for fresh younger' skin to grow in its place.The cost of a peel coincides with the severity of the desired results. The most popular is a ‘mild' one which costs approximately $150 – $300. â€Å"Deep† chemical peels can cost as much as $6000. According to the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, in 2003 facial peels generated a gross of $578,118,755 Just in th e US. Radiometry is the last procedure for women which I researched. Radiometry, or the facilitate as it is more commonly known, is a procedure used to surgically remove wrinkles minored for the patient to look years younger.The average facilitate patient is between 40-50 years old but the reoccurred can be performed on a patient as old as 70. There are a variety of facilitate procedures but the most common is appropriately called the traditional facilitate. During the procedure the surgeon makes an incision along the hairline by the ear. The process can involve redistributing fat and removing excess skin. The trademark of the traditional facilitate is the tightening of the facial skin by pulling it back behind the ears. The average facilitate will set a patient back approximately $7000 with the majority of that money going to the surgeon for his/her fee.Men's Anti-Aging Procedures. Hair transplantation is a procedure for men in which hair follicles from the back and side of the hea d, which are resistant to balding, are removed and relocated to a tangling spot. I en Ideal conflate Tort anal transplantation Is a man won NAS tangling hair. The procedure itself involves a series of grafts. The session can be a onetime event or require a series of visits. The number of grafts required ranger from an average 1500-4000 with a rate of approximately $5 each. Thus the total cost of the procedure can run anywhere from $6000-14000, depending on the severity of baldness and the rate of the doctor.Men can expect to go back to work with a few days after the procedure. Women are not the only sex that can benefit from a facilitate. Men go under the knife for this procedure hoping for the same results. While a face free of wrinkles can be obtained I did find a very interesting and humorous piece of information on the male facilitate. One of the consequences of the male face lift is that during the morning ritual of shaving, one might have to shave areas they didn't before. Ski n with hair follicles is pulled behind the ears. Simply put, you can grow a beard behind your ears if you don't shave.In Dry. George Leftovers' Manhattan office, a facilitate will set back the patient $9000-$12500 and they can expect to be back at work within 1-2 weeks. According to an article about men and plastic surgery on WebMD. Com, the most popular cosmetic procedure for men is boilerplate's, better known as eyelid surgery. The procedure corrects sagging, puffiness and excess skin around the eyes which are commonly caused by aging. The WebMD article also states that businessmen are most likely to undergo the operation to increase their confidence and to keep up with younger male competitors. In Dry.George Leftovers' Manhattan office, an eyelid procedure will set the patient back anywhere between $3500-$7000 dollars and they can expect to be back at work in approximately one week. Anti-Aging Products outside the US market in the Western World The first anti-aging product that I reached which had to be absent from the US market was Grainier Lift Anti-Wrinkle Firming Night Cream. The product can be bought in Canada and has the suggested retail price of 14,99$. According to the Canadian Grainier website this product will help improves skins elasticity due to natural extracts such as cherry and lubberly.I stumbled across this product after going to the Grainier website, clicking on the Canada site and taking an online quiz posing as Barbara, a 45 year old smoker who lives in the country. The quiz matched me with the product so I am going to assume that the target consumer would be in her ass. The only Grainier skin care line Nutritionists is available in the US. Grainier is a division of the L'Oreal Group. The second anti-aging product that I reached which had to be absent from the US market was also a Grainier Lift product. I investigated the Grainier Ultraist Reinforced LiftingProgram by accessing Granger's I-J website. As mentioned before, the only Grainie r skincare product available in the US is Nutritionists. The Grainier Ultraist Reinforced Lifting program has two parts. The first part of the program involves applying a peeling solution to the face with cotton wool for five minutes. The website states that you are not to rinse the product. The next part of the program is to apply an anti- wrinkle cream with an SSP of 15. The website also gives the consumer a warning that although the product is designed to leave the skin feeling firm it does not actually rim or lift the skin.As mentioned before Grainier is a division of L'Oreal. The last anti-aging product that I discovered outside the US market was another Grainier product . Grainier Re-De TTY Night cream retails at SSL /. Y at Australian online drugstore pharmacy. Com. AU. The only other valuable information on the website is that the product contains ml. According to Granger's Australian website the product is geared towards mature skin with deep wrinkles. The most interesting claim is that this product will help plump up thin skin. Again, Grainier is a division of L'Oreal.Anti-aging products not available to the US market found in Asia This part of the research was definitely the most straining. In the beginning of this project I was trying to process too much information and now I find myself trying to process not enough. At the Chinese website for Grainier I discovered one solitary line for anti- aging called Aqua Defense. I cannot read Chinese characters but it would appear that this product helps erase and prevent age spots. Next I went to the Japanese L'Oreal Paris website and discovered an anti-aging product called Revivalist White.I an read Japanese as well as I can read Chinese so I put the product through a search engine and found the product for sale on eBay in Malaysia. This product is exclusive to Asia and has two functions, to whiten the skin and to increase firmness. The last product that I researched was also a L'Oreal brand called UP Perf ect. Once again due to the language barrier and lack of information posted on the web in English I cannot go into great detail about this product but I can say that it's a top selling product in Taiwan due to the large â€Å"#1† next to the product on the weapon and that it has an SSP of 50!

Does stroke rehabilitation improve the quality of life in sroke Dissertation

Does stroke rehabilitation improve the quality of life in sroke survivors - Dissertation Example Combination of different rehabilitation techniques is more effective than monotherapy. Conclusions The treatment and rehabilitation of stroke is a continuous process and should end only when the patient has satisfactory level of quality of life. There is no limit to the possibility of stroke rehabilitation regardless of the time elapsed since the onset of stroke. CHAPTER 1 - Introduction 1.1 Purpose of chapter Stroke or acute cerebrovascular event is the third most prevalent cause of death and the leading cause of permanent disability in the general population in all western countries (Lloyd-Jones et al 2009). Research shows that most of stroke patients survive the first cerebrovascular event, however they are commonly affected by some form of significant disability and have significantly reduced quality of life. Every year in United States there are approximately 750000 cases of stroke and half of them are first stroke events that leave around 300 000 people with some form of disabi lity or impermanent (Raphael et al 2006). These large incidences of stroke cause heavy burden on the society but also on the individual lives of the patients, on their physical, emotional and social wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families. This is because more than 50 percents of these patients will be unable to take care of themselves and will need some form of support from a second person in order to be able to satisfy even the basic needs (Rothwell et al 2004). This is also one of the biggest fears of every stroke survivor, the fear that he or she will be unable to function independently and will become a burden on their family (Benedetta et... Purpose of this study is to present new insights about the effectiveness of stroke rehabilitation in stroke patients and evaluate the effectiveness of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke or acute cerebrovascular event is the third most prevalent cause of death and the leading cause of permanent disability in the general population in all western countries. Research shows that most of stroke patients survive the first cerebrovascular event, however they are commonly affected by some form of significant disability and have significantly reduced quality of life. Every year in United States there are approximately 750000 cases of stroke and half of them are first stroke events that leave around 300 000 people with some form of disability or impermanent. These large incidences of stroke cause heavy burden on the society but also on the individual lives of the patients, on their physical, emotional and social wellbeing and the wellbeing of their families. This is because more than 50 percents o f these patients will be unable to take care of themselves and will need some form of support from a second person in order to be able to satisfy even the basic needs. This is also one of the biggest fears of every stroke survivor, the fear that he or she will be unable to function independently and will become a burden on their family. This problem is expected only to grow with the increasing aging of the population in the western countries and the prolonged life span. This has influence on the increase of costs for managing stroke patients which exceeded 73 billion dollars in the United States in year 2010.

How Long Can USA Maintain their Dominance of The World Economy - In Dissertation

How Long Can USA Maintain their Dominance of The World Economy - In Terms of Inward & Outward FDI - Dissertation Example FDI inward does intensify the local competition among the products and causes the availability of products to customers at cheaper rate with better quality. It also utilizes the under-utilized resources of country for example minerals, forests etc. Government of the country raises taxes from FDI. United States’ FDI inward in 2009 amounted to US$2.3 trillion and foreign firms in United States employ around 6.9 million people as in 2008 that is equivalent to 4.4% of US employment (D.H Rosen & Hanemann 2011 p 42). Foreign investment outward is also at the core of modern economic model. Firms get resources and new market by investing in foreign markets and raise substantial profits that can be brought back into domestic economy benefitting its growth. United States accounts for largest FDI (both inward and outward) and dominate the world economy in FDI besides other variables of dominance of world economy. Impact of growing FDI on US dominance of world economy is what is debated c ommonly. FDI inward enables the foreign firms to control the market of country and there is no denying to the risk of exploitation in different ways. Can US confront any such exploitation from foreign firms? Foreign firms can transfer important data and technology to their domestic country and can use it in their favor harming the country from which data and technology are transferred. Is US economy open to any such threat from its foreign investors? Foreign firms can also discriminate in job offerings and other perks between the workforce of the country and firms’ workforce from its own country. Does this happen or can it possibly happen in United States by foreign firms. This dissertation will elaborate the above asked questions and will explore the impact, if... The intention of this study is the United States that abounds in the giant multinationals. It homes around 500 multinationals corporations (HRM practices in MNCs). Its technological growth, natural resources, educated masses and stable political environment has been the facilitating factors behind its economical growth. US has remained dominant over the world for past many decades consistently.US dominance of world economy is by no mean a miracle rather it traces back to around 230 years of commitment and effort. US ability to better tape its natural resources, to achieve unprecedented heights in technological growth and to maintain a stable legal and political system are the major contributor to such a long period of dominance over the world economy. Sustainability of United States development has remained a major issue for many critiques mainly after the massive industrial development in the developing countries mainly Peoples Republic of China. A prominent economic historian, Nail l Ferguson, said that US dominance is coming to an end and China is the emerging global leader. Moreover, the recent financial crises and colossal trade deficit have intensified the concern on the possibility of United States dominance in the world economy in the future. United States of America is one of the three largest exporters of the world exporting machines industrial supplies and a very wide variety of consumer goods.

Millennial Management Style in today's generation Essay

Millennial Management Style in today's generation - Essay Example Growing companies need this millennial generation who have innovative ideas that can help them improve performance. Deciding new millennial management style is extremely crucial for maximizing generation-Y potential in the companies. Therefore, the growing companies can win the generation game because with the millennial management style they can lead their managers and employees to help them perform better in the business world. Millennial management style is different from the conventional management style that is adopted by generation-X. The purpose of millennial management style is to satisfy generation-Y expectation in working force so that the millennial generation can perform at their best. This implementation positively impacts the future of growing company because of the rising number of generation-Y workers. The millennial generation expects active, involved leadership, income, personal enrichment, teamwork, and most importantly flexibility. Therefore, the growing companies must focus on following aspects to integrate the new millennial management style: Millennial management style applies flat management structure or teamwork based roles. The old tradition of a companys hierarchy structure doesnt work effectively in millennial management as in Generation-X Company. In millennial management, everyone has the same right to express his or her aspiration and his or her need for high interaction with his or her team. Set clear expectation with relationship-style focus appeals to millennial employees. When the company assigns a job or project to millennial employees, they should address the expectation with clear guidelines, priority, and intention that the millennial needs to follow. A clear expectation is very useful in millennial management system; this is because a companys management can set up a deadline that the millennial employees will fulfill when they submit the project. Autocracy leadership style doesnt work effectively in

World War I and World War II Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World War I and World War II - Essay Example The World War I and the World War II led to massive causalities, bloodshed and destruction in almost all the theatres in which they were fought. The number of people killed and wounded in these two wars amounted to millions. It also needs to be mentioned that in the two Wars the people who suffered were not merely soldiers but also included civilians, old people, women and children. The intensity of these two wars was so immense and grave that they did not try to differentiate between the soldiers and the civilians. The outcomes wrought by these two wars had global geo-political and economic ramifications. A great numbers of the European empires were dismantled, either owing to defeat or owing to the immense human and economic costs inherent in these two wars. New centers of power were established and the two wars led to the constitution of multiple international military and economic alliances and institutions. In that context it will be really interesting to go into the dynamics of the two World Wars. The World War I owes its origins to the long standing conflicts and hostilities rampant in the Central Europe in the period around 1914 (Higham & Showaltr 6). Most of these conflicts were intricately intertwined, spanning across many European nations. The political factors that played a pivotal role in the genesis of World War I were rampant militarism, burgeoning nationalism, alliances of convenience and vested imperialistic interests. The primary stimulant that initiated the World War I was the July Crisis of 1914, preceding a series of diplomatic clashes between multiple European nations like France, Russia, Germany, the Austria-Hungarian Empire and the UK (Higham & Showaltr 6). One other important factor was the augmenting tensions over the territorial claims in the Balkans (Higham & Showaltr 9). There existed a great rift between Russia, Serbia and Austria-Hungary, over territorial influence that eventually roped in the other major European powers as a resu lt of the ensuing alliances and treaties. The reasons behind the World War II were inherent in the outcomes of the World War I and the following interwar period worsened by the impact of the Great Depression in 1930. The two major factors which led to the onset of the II World War were the invasion of Poland by the Soviet Union and Germany and the invasion of China by the imperialist Japan in 1937 (Eubank 20). Primarily it was the belligerent actions of the Nazi Germany and the top leadership of the Japanese Kwantung army that led to the formal declaration of War by the allied forces. The World War I brought in massive changes in the European geo-political mindset. It goes without saying that the World War I led to immense loses in terms of life and property. It pulled within its ambit almost all of the European nations, the United States of America and many of the African and Asian states. Shattering famine and pestilence took over the world in the aftermath of the World War one. T he entire Europe got divided between varied powers as a consequence of the treaties that followed. Germany had to surrender large territories to the European power like France, Belgium, Denmark and Poland as per the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles (Von Strandman & Evans 95). The Treaty of St. Germain in 1919 led to the separation of Austria and Hungary and saw the creation of two new states that are Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia (Von Strandman & Evans 95). The World War I not only saw the annihilation of German, Russian, Turkish, Hungarian and Austrian empires, but also led to the creation of many new nationalistic states. In the same vein, the World War II not only

University counseling center - PR Campaign Essay

University counseling center - PR Campaign - Essay Example The College University Counseling Center is conducting a PR campaign to increase its use by the students. As a part of this year long campaign, extensive programs are devised to make the Counseling Centre more student-friendly and approachable.The campaign themed ‘stay cool’ is aimed at increasing awareness about the services of Counseling Centre and at encouraging students to approach the Counseling Centre more freely. As a part of the program, a caring, licensed professional staff will be available to meet your needs. Are you a student who is; Feeling lonely away from home? Feeling sick of the harsh campus regimes? Feeling nervous unnecessarily? Facing problems retaining relationships? Feeling life colorless and boring? Unable to take decisions about future life? Unable to concentrate on studies? An international student facing language and cultural problems? Facing any kind of addiction? Suffering from eating disorders? Facing body disorder issues? Or Are you a parent who is worried about the performance of your son or daughter? Are you a staff feeling fed up with the errands of the curriculum? If your answer to any of these questions is ‘yes’, you are the one we are looking for. We have arranged everything to bring you back to the track.The purpose of the year is to make more students use the Counseling Center. For this purpose, the concept developed is to make the University Counseling Center more accessible to everyone in the campus. We want to make it a place of comfort and care. In addition, the students should feel that the Counseling Center is a friend who is always ready to help. To achieve this end, the theme ‘stay cool’ will be selected. In addition, for all the programs under the PR campaign, a specific color code, a particular logo and the slogan ‘stay cool’ will be used. In addition, throughout the year, the Counseling Center will be spreading relaxation tips among students through both electro nic and print media. The Counseling Center aims to make all the students aware about the activities of the Center and feel comfortable and confident to make use of these services. To attract more people to the counseling centr

NET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NET - Essay Example In academic circles with the frequent need of large quantities of information the use of databases has become popular and can be seen in the linkage that they maintain with databases in addition to the libraries that they still maintain. In short we can call the databases virtual libraries. The databases that I usually use are Medscape, Medline, PubMed, BioMed, and eMedicine. On the Internet it is the search engine that uses a set of software programs to identify the request and search the databases and provide the outcome of the search (search engines). Put in simple terms traditionally an individual went to a library and searched for information and brought the information back. The search engine does exactly this by searching for information based on the search terms given and makes available the information that it has found on the databases. The first step in my search for research resources on the internet was to use the most common search engines of Google and Yahoo. This gave me access to some databases, but found that I could do a better job in searching for resources on the net by selecting more academic oriented search engines and so I shifted like Academic Reference and Research Index. (Searching the Internet). The search terms used are crucial in getting the required information and the peed at which the information is located. Initially I found that my search terms were inadequate and provided me with information I did not require or I was flooded with information, which I had to shift to. This made refining of the search terms or queries a requirement. Refining a search term means altering or adding to the set of search terms employed. (Refining a Query). I exploited the search terms that gave me the information and amended the search terms that proved to be not satisfactory. The changes that I have adopted in my methods of researching the Net for information have made me more successful in securing the information that I want

Adam Smith & UK Income Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Adam Smith & UK Income Taxation - Essay Example 42). According to Smith, the first maxim is that â€Å"the subjects of every state ought to contribute toward the support of government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities, that is in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state† (Smith 1784, p. 639). According to Smith, â€Å"observation or neglect of this maxim consists in what is called the equality or inequality of taxation† (Smith 1786, p. 639). For Smith, the second maxim is that â€Å"the tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain, and not arbitrary† (1784, p. 639). For Smith, this means that â€Å"the time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor, and to every other persons† (1784, p. 639). For Smith, the second maxim is necessary because â€Å"otherwise, every person subject to the tax is put more or less in the power of the tax-gathered, who can either aggravate the tax upon any obnoxious contributor, or extort, by the terror of such aggravation, some present or perquisite to himself† (1784, p. 639-640). Smith emphasized that uncertainty of taxation â€Å"encourages insolence and favours the corruption of an order of men who are naturally unpopular, even where they are neither insolent nor corrupt† (1784, p. 640). The third tax maxim of Adam Smith is that â€Å"every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which is it most likely or most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it† (1784, p. 640). Finally, Smith’s fourth maxim on taxes is that â€Å"every tax ought to be contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as little as possible over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state† (1784, p. 640). On the fourth maxim, Smith also noted four things. One, the tax levy may require a great number of officers whose salaries may eat the greater portion

Case5.1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case5.1 - Essay Example 1. What’s your opinion regarding forced ranking performance appraisals? Forced ranking, generally defined as a curve that leadership creates by assigning credit with â€Å"certain proportions of the production to proportions of a producing population† (â€Å"Wikipedia†), would most likely be of great benefit to a floundering company. After one or two years of culling the very bottom (i.e. least productive) employees from the pack, the company ought to see substantial improvement in productivity and efficacy. Such a move, if conducted properly, should certainly be enough to set the company right and enable its continued existence. However, forced ranking is not advisable as a long-term solution. Quite simply, this is because once you have sifted all of the chaff from the wheat, all you’re left with is wheat. That is to say, if you cull effectively, eventually all you’re left with is the good stuff. By continuing to dismiss employees based on forced r anking, eventually the company would be eliminating effective, productive employees, because that would be all that was left.

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay â€Å"The language of friendship is not in words, but in meanings† – Henry David Thoreau While reading the novel, Of Mice and Men, the reader gets a front row view into the relationship of the two main characters, Lennie and George. In every friendship, there are dysfunctional moments, ups and downs, genuine moments and never ending adventures. By definition, a friend is someone to talk to, do things with, be there for each other in time of need and be each other’s crying shoulder. Throughout this novel, Lennie and George display a friendship unlike any other. It is so dysfunctional and rare it makes the reader wonder why these two are friends. For example, the boss says â€Å"Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy.† â€Å"I just like to know your interest.† In this quote found on page 25, the boss is trying to make sense of their friendship. Even though this quote highlights the rarity of George and Lennie’s bond, this causes the boss to suspect wrong- doing on George’s part. At the end of the novel, George ends up shooting Lennie. This perfectly displays the dysfunctional and rare qualities in their friendship. There are many ups and downs in Lennie and George’s friendship in addition to it being dysfunctional and rare. Lennie is mentally ill. There is absolutely no rhyme or reason behind his actions. For instance, without Lennie, George could â€Å"Go get a job an’ work an’ no trouble. No mess at all and at the end of the month I could take my fifty bucks into town and get whatever I want.† This shows Lennie and George’s Relationship being down. Even though Lennie is a huge burden, George ultimately chooses to not be without him. Even though it seems like George is being held down by Lennie, George stays with Lennie because they both want the migrant dream. â€Å"Someday – we’re gonna get the Jack together, have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and we’ll have a big vegetable patch.† Thus, these two cannot live without each other. Lennie and George have a genuine relationship too. George takes really good care of Lennie, almost like in a maternal way. George says, â€Å"Lennie, for God’ sakes don’t drink so much, you gonna be sick like you was last night.† This shows he cares about Lennie. In the beginning, Lennie assaults a lady by tearing the front side of her dress  off in their old town Weeds. George could’ve easily left Lennie to fend for himself but he realized that wasn’t the right thing to do. Lennie hears his dead aunt Clara telling him â€Å"When he got a piece of pie you always got half or more’n half.† â€Å"An’ if there was any ketchup, why he’d give it all to you.† As the novel progresses, Lennie’s past catches up with him and the authorities start looking for him. George knows that if it is caught, the officers would throw him in jail and he wouldn’t survive. So George shoots Lennie to basically put him out of his misery. Clearly, they have a genuine friendship. With every friendship, there are many adventures along the way. The novel starts off in a scenic woodsy area by a lake. Lennie and George run away together from their home town of Weed to run from the authorities and start a new life as migrant workers. When they’ve finally reached the barn, they meet new people and build relationships with them. The boss, Curley, Curley’s wife, Slim, Crooks, and Carlson. Lennie is always getting into trouble and George is always looking to get him out of it. Lennie kills a mouse, strangles Curley’s wife and also kills the dog. Although this book had many twist and turns, it was a heart- warming thriller that illustrated what life was like back in the 1930s. it surely wasn’t easy but having a dream meant a lot to the characters and made them strive to live their dream.

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison | Analysis

Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison | Analysis The main protagonist of Ralph Ellison invisible man is not the only one who remains unseen as the novel unfolds. Another element also cloaked in invisibility follows our unknown character throughout the novel, changing both beat and tempo as the novel develops. Rather like the invisible man, the ongoing musical beat that runs through out the invisible man’ may not be visible yet it is very clearly felt and heard. It is the distinct incorporation of the inflowing musical beat that allows for an interloping of ideas based upon the visible, the invisible and the creative with the novel. The main theme within the ‘invisible man’ is that of the more obvious theme of invisibility. Ellison explores through the use of music such as in the form of jazz the moments or experiences where invisibility takes control. Such breaks in visibility signify a chance for the protagonist to escape and break the mould of the what can be called ‘constitutional visibility’ allowing for the exploration of ones own identity and individuality. An individuality and identity that is not in any way restricted to what is generally accepted as visible. Such breaks that allow for such explorations to take place within the novel can be seen from the very beginning where in the prologue the protagonist recalls a certain incident: Once I saw a prize-fighter boxing a yokel. The fighter was swift and amazingly scientific. His body was one violent flow of rapid rhythmic action. He hit the yokel a hundred times while the yokel held up his arms in stunned surprise. But suddenly the yokel struck one blow . The smart money hit the canvas. The long shot got the nod. The yokel had simply stepped inside of the opponent’s sense of time. Through such a passage the reader is able to see that there is an alternative to the scientific approach. The yokel uses time and space in order to overpower the violence of science allowing creativity to achieve success. The restriction imposed by science is overcome through the ability to analyze and interpret a situation differently. In the instance it was the yokel’s ability to step into the time frame of the prize-fighter and thus provide for a different strategy towards victory. One that was able to unite creativity and originality. Rather like the same way the ‘invisible man’ uses the music of Louis Armstrong with the combination of the reefer to discover a rather unconventional way of listening to Armstrong’s music, thus in that way offering new ways of interpretation. Through the work of Victor Zuckerkandl, critic Nathaniel Mackey creates a rather interesting argument. Mackey states that ‘because music exists the tangible and visible can not be the whole of the given world. The intangible and invisible is itself a part of the world, something which we encounter, something to which we respond’ this statement can be seen running throughout the ‘invisible man’. It is visible where the protagonist describes the dream like images evoked by the Louis Armstrong’s music. These images run throughout the novel as seen at the very beginning by the incorporation of the prize-fighter and the yokel. These cuts and breaks in the narrative are essential to grounding this feeling and theme of invisibility whilst at the same time allowing Ellison to create improvisation through the use of language. Such technique is central to the very framework of the novel. The novel itself flows like a piece of music, with one incident happening right after the other. Each incident offers a break, a certain point in which the protagonist is given a certain moment in which his identity and individuality are either challenged or asserted. Even so Ellison does not rely on merely the invisible man to convey the W.Bell calls the portrayal of ‘the historical quest of black American for identity in a society whose traditions simultaneously inspire and inhibit their impulse toward freedom and self-realization’.Characters like Trueblood immerge. Although he has committed the sin of incest, trueblood does not allow his guilt to bind him. He turns towards the blues for guidance and repentance. One can even say that trueblood turns inward, looking to himself and to what defines him as an individual. W.Bell says that ‘the courage and discipline that Trueblood discovers in the blues are essential values that the hero must learn by acknowledging his folk heritage’. The character of the junkman that the hero meets later in New York is also a reinforcement of the idea of the blues as being part of the cultural heritage of the black community. The idea of jazz and the blues and the power that they were able to distribute lies in their ability to parallel the then black life. Writing in ‘Living with music’ Ellison is quoted as saying ‘life could be harsh, loud and wrong if it wished, but they lived it fully and when they expressed their attitude toward the world it was with a fluid style that reduced the chaos of living to form’ This idea is reinforced through the meeting of the invisible man with the junkman who unlike Trueblood is not ultimately dismissed by the protagonist, ‘he had me grinning despite myself. I liked his words through I didn’t know the answer. Id known the stuff from childhood, but had forgotten it; had learned it back of school.’.Where as the tainted past of Trueblood causes the invisible man to cast him aside the quizzical performance of the junkman allows for him to grasp at his own heritage. A notion reinforced through the simple act of buying a baked yam from the street vendor soon afterwards.’ I yam what I am ’. It is these grasps at heritage and the acceptance of his own peoples strive for freedom that the invisible man must realise is the essential makeup of his quest for personal individuality and freedom. For they are, part of the make-up of who he is. What must also be noted is that throughout the novel and these incidents, the invisible man seems to have a certain type of plan that each time he strives to achieve. Yet as the novel progresses the plan changes. It is transformed from the mere wish of wanting to graduate and become as highly respected by the white community as Bledsoe. To wanting to work hard and be able to return to his school, to wanting assert himself within the brotherhood. To finally whilst in his hole, wanting only to assert his own humanity. In Ralph Ellison ‘The collected essays of Ralph Ellison. Ellison argues that it was the American dream that drove all Americans, ranging from different European nationalities to come to states and establish a better way of life. Even so, this was not the case for the then African slaves. Once freed these former slaves were now forced into finding a way of life that would enable them to be able to live within this European mix even though they were distinctively non-European. This, Ellison argues, resulted into an even more complex and thorough mix, eventually resulting in to the true beginnings of the American culture. Having no past in the art of Europe, they could use its elements and their inherited sense of style to improvise forms through which they could express their own unique sense of American experience. To Ellison this clearly was parallel to Jazz as it was the one form of art that could both explain and identify the American experience. Just like jazz uses improvisation, to piece together different instruments playing their own spontaneous versions of the chords that create a song, so did the many different cultures and cultural traditions come together to piece the American tradition. This piecing of the American culture and tradition is seen throughout the novel as the protagonists comes face to face with a variety of individuals, raging from different backgrounds that have all come together to form what is termed as ‘American’. Ellison comments in his ‘Shadow and Act’ that: ‘The Blues is an impulse to keep the painful details and episodes of a brutal experience alive in ones acting consciousness, to finger its jagged edge and to transcend it, not by consolation of philosophy but by squeezing from it a near-tragic, near comic lyricism. As a form the blues is an autobiographical chronicle of personal catastrophe expressed lyrically†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ In other words what Ellison is stating is that the blues offer another medium through which the philosophy of life is brought out. A philosophy as such that revolves through and around the complexities of improvisation. The crude or white-washed walls of science are completely disregarded by Ellison for a far more natural or artistic sense of being. Where ones path is life is defined by the tragedies and experiences he or she goes through, so that we are able to emerge triumphant in the end, whilst temporarily relying on the comforts of the present. This according to Ellison is the true essence of ones freedom of identity. Albert Murray further expands on this in ‘The hero and the blues’ stating that the blues present us with a near ancient tragedy sort of existence where the hero is able to persist through life and through whatever ugliness that life presents to him through what Murray calls ‘a device for making the best of a bad situation’. Such a philosophy can be partly seen through the grandfather’s words that the protagonist hears echoing through out the novel. His, the grandfathers, was a philosophy of yes-sing them. Such a philosophy may be on the surface regarded as a show of submission by the black man to the white mans dominance. Yet to the grandfather it was a way of survival. A way of like Murray says making the best out of a bad situation. In a world where the black community was regarded as lowly and inferior to the white community it is hard to see how a full on offensive would have helped in determine equality. In fact a full on offensive by the black man towards the white man would have left the black man poor, helpless and hungry. This show of submission is part of the grandfathers departing wisdom. A wisdom that urges our protagonist to fight in a defensive rather than offensive mode as this would be the fruitful result. This would be achieved by: ‘‘Live with your head in the lions mouth, I want you to overcome ‘em with yess, undermine’em with grins, agree’em to death and destruction, let ‘em swoller you till they vomit or bust open’’ Although not completely understood by the main protagonist the grandfather had imparted a rather sphinx like riddle of an advice that although appeared to be that of subjection was actually a means of survival. By urging his grandson to say yes he in not urging him to bow down to the white man but rather assert himself. He is saying ‘yes’ knowing that he has the power to say ‘no’. His ‘yes’ is a show of dignity, a statement stating that he is agreeing as a free man, not as a slave, and that that ‘yes’ is a means of survival. The grandfather is not the only one to have picked up on this idea of having to say ‘yes’ in order to survive. Bledsoe is another character who aims to ‘yeses’’ the entire white race to death. Yet the difference between Bledsoe and the grandfather is that Bledsoe does it through complete selfishness. This is the danger that as Bernard W.Bell says Ellison is ultimately implying. à ¢â‚¬Ëœ..the danger of compulsive individualism in a laissez-faire social system based on the conflicting principles of egalitarianism and racism.’ The hero’s grandfather’s words are elusive and open to a wide scope of interpretation, yet for Ellison this was the exact embodiment of the meaning of jazz. Jazz as seen in Ellison’s essay ‘The Charlie Christian Story’ was regarded by Ellison as an art of individual assertion within and against the group. Each true jazz moment springs from a contest in which each artist challenges all the rest; each solo flight or improvisation, represents a definition of his identity: as individual, as member of the collectivity and as a link in the chain of tradition. Thus because jazz finds its very life in an endless improvisation upon traditional materials, the jazzman must lose his identity even as he finds it. Ellison last words echo the very theme of the ‘the invisible man’ and the final act of the hero within the book. For in order to become visible Ellison’s hero has had to become invisible. And although our invisible man seems to have only become invisible by the end of the novel, what is conveyed through the hero himself is that he has been in fact invisible from the very beginning. This invisibility was a direct product of the white man, invisibility evoke through the hero’s blind faith in the white mans word. Although the novels hero does as his grandfather says ‘agree’em’, he does not ‘agree’em to death’. His ‘yeses’’ are ones that do not recognise his own individuality. The individuality of a black man who knows that although by agreeing the issue may not be confronted at least it is put out there. Another character in this novel that has the ability to say yes without being submissive is Mary. You have to take care of yourself, son. Don’t let this Harlem git you. I’m in New York, but New York ain’t in me, understand what I mean? Don’t git corrupted. Mary has chosen to agree in order to survive. Yet her agreement does not stretch as far as corruption ‘I’m in New York, but New York ain’t in me, understand what I mean? Don’t git corrupted’. Mary has created an ideology which allows for her survival, whilst at the same time ensuring her own honesty by not contradicting her own morals. These are the punches the yokel was able to find in order to outwit the prize fighter. These are the parallel examples to ‘the smart money hit the canvas. The long shot got the nod’. The anonymous letter received by the protagonist later on in the novel is the first time the protagonist says ‘yes’ without being submissive. This time his ‘yes’ is accompanied by resentment and fear. Tarps actions of giving his chain link to the invisible man and his words ‘don’t think of it in terms of but two words, yes and no; but it signifies a heap more’, offer another insight into the invisible mans grandfathers words. To be able to find the true meaning behind his grandfather’s word the invisible man chooses invisibility. This invisibility although offers a cloak of protection from the worlds corruption it, is unable to provide an escape from the workings of his own mind In going underground, I whipped it all except the mind, the mind. And the mind that has conceived a plan of living must never lose sight of the chaos against which that pattern was conceived. It is through the workings of the protagonists mind that the reader is told about his experiences and life. It is also through the workings of the same mind that allow the invisible man to come to conclusion. A conclusion which causes him to realise, that although he believed himself truly free he was never free from the workings of his mind. These processes or thoughts are the forces which lead him to realise that Gin, jazz and dreams were not enough. Books were not enough.† .By the end of the novel the invisible man has come to realise his grandfather words as part of his own social responsibility. It is at this point that the role of improvisation has diminished. The invisible man has come to relish his own social responsibility. A responsibility that embodies the individual yet at the same time re establishes the value of the community. A jazz player may improvise in a solo bringing out his own identity yet he must also work together with the rest of the group to bring out the larger part of the song. It is this larger part of the song, the bigger picture that allows for the protagonist to accept his social responsibilities. A bigger picture resulting not through, merely an understanding of improvisation but rather through the simple of act of forgiveness and love. It’s ’winner take nothing’ that is the great truth of our country or of any country. Life is to be lived, not controlled; and humanity is won by continuing to play in the face of certain defeat. Our fate is to become one, and yet many.

Influence Of Transnational Actors On Foreign Policy

Influence Of Transnational Actors On Foreign Policy To make reference to this issue, is necessary know the relevance of different actors in the global field, because the conception of the state as the only actor, now is not valid for the apparition of new actors, which play a important roles. For that reason, it is necessary take in account those actors in the process of decision-making on a country. The focus of the article is in transnational actors, which can be divided into 2 classes. The first ones are the Non-Governmental Organizations, which place great importance to growth and can influence in so many aspects, because they can reach interconnect persons, governments, and International organization. ONG is any non-profit group of citizen volunteers, which is organized locally, nationally or internationally. With task-oriented and run by people with a common interest, NGOs perform a variety of services and humanitarian functions, bring citizens issues to governments, monitor policies and encourage community participation. They p rovide analysis and expertise, serve as early warning mechanisms and help in monitoring and implementing international agreements. NGOs are characterized by be pressure and influence groups in the international society and they are active in various fields because of the interests of protecting the environment, development, peacekeeping and human rights. While many countries receive with gratitude these services, the services provided by other NGOs are often seen as barriers or attacks on the sovereignty of certain countries. In fact, given that NGOs have no link with the policy of one country in particular, their independence sometimes allows them to go against the policies implemented by some countries. One of the main NGO problems is the lack of international regulation, because they must have recognize of the good management, the reached goals, and they need to be regulated too, because frequently governments and people are not satisfied with their acts. The second topic are the Transnational Corporations in contradistinction to Non-governmental Organizations, TNC are corporations created for profit. They are gigantic factories that want to reach all countries, places in the world with the purpose of spread the power. The power is reflected in the influence that they have in the governments of all countries, industrialized and developing. They bring foreign direct investment that has benefits to countries. But are focus directly in the realization of economic activities in several countries, as well as joint development and implementation of a unified strategy, and to achieve it, have the ability to create a sphere of protection and promotion of individual human rights. Also Transnational Corporations activities have been criticized because of the affected in environmental stress and social changes and their great impact on the politics decisions to government protects their interests. All those aspects are reinforced in the article The Power of Transnatio nal Corporations: The economic and political powers bring the deepening of the disparity of wealth, impoverishment working conditions, corruption and pollution, deterioration of health and safety in production processes, loss of employment for many workers in the world and the human rights violation   [1]  . When the role of transnational actors is studied, it is every time more evident the influence in International Relations, because of the interdependence between all units in the system. The Non- Governmental Organizations have imposed new standards and codes of conduct as ethics, seals and certification. It is noted the need by an affirmation of international law as they tend to weaken national labor codes, as well as trade unions. But the main reason for existence of an NGO is to promote education for development, development aid, that is, financial cooperation, the supply of equipment and technical assistance or support personnel, concerning about removing obstacles to soc io-political, economic and physical, that prevent the development of human potential, particularly the most disadvantaged sectors of Third World countries. The ONG need meet some characteristics like internal structure, to have their origin in an agreement between states, to be a democratic organization, their fines are not a profit-driven, they must pursuing international interests and must be constituted in accordance with the laws of the home state. The weight can be seen in important NGOs like Greenpeace, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨International Amnesi, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Human Rights Watch, CARE, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Mà ©decins Sans forntià ©res, Cruz Roja Internacional, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨WWF. Greenpeace for example is a is an independent global campaigning organization that acts to change attitudes and behaviors, to protect and conserve the environment and to promote peace  [2]  . These types of Organization exercise their influence through oppression to reach the goals in front to environment. In United States Greenpeace has recently led a campaign to end the marketing of overfished seafood populations in American supermarkets. As a result, Stop Shop and Giant Food are not selling Shark, Orange Roughy, and Chilean Sea Bass until the populations rebound  [3]  . Also had big challenges in case of Fisher Price in which the purpose was lead several types of phthalates from toys and child-care products. So With campaigns that help to spread information around the world, organization can play an important role in politics of governments that have influence in all countries because of the interdependence effects for commerce and shared politics. The organization gained attention by creating mind bombs, or strong, visual messages distilling their position on complex environmental issues  [4]  . Another example of influence is with the Mà ©decins Sans forntià ©res is concerned about Armed conflict. Social violence, healthcare exclusion and Natural disaster which have h ad goals like politics adopted in countries to fight against maternal health On April 27, 2010, the Sierra Leone government started implementing a policy of free healthcare for pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and children under five. MSF welcomes the governments commitment to the new policy and hopes that this will improve the access to healthcare for these vulnerable groups  [5]  . With those distinctions it can see the importance of NGOs because some who work around the protection, promotion and preservation of the environment with sustainable development through international cooperation and some that work in areas of immigration and refugees, disabled, sick, infants, and family, all of those institutions are focusing in a objective, the only one objective is work for the welfare of the community, so, NGOs have emerged as a response to needs which the State does not satisfy. Society organized civil search and complementary alternative solutions for the full development of these shortcomings. But some facts have made loss the credibility of the management of ONG because so many NGOs in some countries are making some corrupt practices, the funds acquired by international channels are often misused, and do not meet the targets set, decreasing the impact of these vulnerable society. UN Anti-corruption meeting develops worrisome trend: Algerian NGO blocked and a Gabonese activist faces difficulties: The Algerian government is blocking attendance of an Algerian NGO from an upcoming UN anti-corruption summit. This is a deeply worrying development, according to the UNCAC Coalition, a group of over 200 organizations seeking implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC)  [6]  . It is necessary remains have the integrity, authority and influence of NGO but that is only achieved through transparency and good deeds. Another central issue is the importance of Transnational Corporations which has a very broad field of action, The area of in fluence of transnational corporations is not limited solely to the economic sector, but are linked to each other political and social processes. These companies are directly related to border trade, foreign investment, technology exchange, but there is a fundamental feature to be recognized as a transnational corporation, is necessary for the company concerned has branches or Subsidiaries Outside of home country. According to a study conducted by the United Nations Centre on Transnational Corporations, it was established that: A transnational firm is defined as a company or group companies constituted by a parent company in accordance with law of a country which, from its headquarters abroad implants with its subsidiaries and direct investment (mergers, privatizations and acquisitions). With a global strategy designed to designed to remove any obstacle to the expansion and the free movement of powerful consortia and transnational monopolies  [7]  . These TNC have the capacity to exercise the effect to induce the increasing interdependence increasingly impossible for the countrys economic incoherence, its import and export processes because of its influence in places where they are established, since they are very large companies with high profits, bringing foreign direct investment the country, which brings benefits such as increased employment and capital also covers the financing requirements, stable cash flows that do not harm the economy by his stay in the country. Means more growth, more and more foreign exchange per capita income in the host country, and so does increase the chances of decrease in the poverty rate. On the other hand, opponents to the TNC have clear reason to discredit their activities, using the argument of the disadvantage in maintaining the emerging market to compete to such large corporations as they have no capacity, no facilities and enjoy the competitiveness that they have acquired Over the years and have no influence on these countries trade policies. With so much power, these corporations can exclude and exercise their potential economies in developing countries more than developed countries with which negotiations conducted in similar terms. In this context, TNCs are at the heart of the concerns of the world labor and environment. The reasons are mainly the following: At the height of inequity on the planet are the CTN. The growth of economic operations of TNC in the decade that contrasted with the growth of poverty. In 2001, CTN, with 54 million workers at its subsidiaries abroad, sales were $ 19 billion, greater than that of Global exports of which, in turn, was for them to a third party  [8]  . The biggest problem with government is its inability to monopolize and regulate all activities that a TNC can develop, as it can be said that they do not have an established global regulation issued by international standards or national norms constituted. The countries can be affected by the triangulation, regulatory arbitrage, the ease of transferring production from one country to another, because when companies take advantage of its spreading on the international market can perform operations that benefit them but harm to small businesses national. It can be conclude the transnational actors have an essential and central character in the system b ecause the globalization the market opens the communication and increasing interdependence, the unification of markets, societies and culture governments need make a transition in resources, influencing the government politics because of relations among other countries taking in account the shared problems, risks and rewards according to social, political and economic issues. All these aspects lead the government to design policies for better development and management of newly emerging phenomena in the field. Y so to counteract facts put at a disadvantage both the government in taxing domestic policy as in the care of the industry as a vulnerable sector. In social terms the design of policies is even more important, the need for government to fight the interests of society, minimizing poverty and improving quality of life of the inhabitants, which is threatened by some unregulated corporations that bring the benefits and reduce unemployment for nationals. On the other hand, there i s great influence of NGOs face the struggle for rights human, which arise, as a response to needs which the State does not satisfy. Civil society organizations are looking for alternative solutions and complementary to the full development of these shortcomings. No doubt that the function carried out with various projects to benefit promotes community development-oriented management. Pressures exerted by these organizations are governments reacting address problems identified, found and criticized by them. SOURCES Henderson, Conway W. International Relations, Conflict and Cooperation at the Turn Of the 21st Century. Willets, P, Transnational Actors and International Organizations in global politics. Tamayo Franco, Rafael, Relaciones internacionales en contexto Complilador (Pages 51-60) Reina, Mauricio,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¨Secretario Tà ©cnico de la Misià ³n de Polà ­tica Exterior e Investigador Asociado de Fedesarrollo, Portafolio, Newspaper. April 17 2010. Greenpeace, (www.greenpeace.org), April 2010. UNCTAD, (www.unctad.org) April 2010. Oficina de Asistencia Tà ©cnica Legislativa ,PROGRAMA DE FORTALECIMIENTO LEGISLATIVO, CONGRESO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE COLOMBIA United Nations, UNCTAD, Transnational Corporations, Volume 17, Number 3, December 2008. Zubizarreta, Juan Hernandez, Modificaciones normativas, Empresas transnacionales, desarrollo y soberania. Medecins sans frontiere, (http://www.msf.org/) April 2010.

Analytical Evaluation of Freud Essay -- essays research papers

Based on the past information and the information I acquired during the duration of this course I chose to do my evaluation on Erik Erikson using the classical psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud and Carl Rogers using the non-Freudian / interpersonal approach from Adler and Jung. Since there is no way to tell if either theory is right or wrong it is imperative that we discover our own theory among the popular ones and derive our own method of practice based on our current knowledge. This is done by comparing and evaluating each psychologist and their own theories to derive a common ground among each of them. In response to Erik Erikson and his approach on ego psychology he was an insecure child growing up who had problems with identity confusion. According to Freud and the classical psychoanalysis, this could possibly be a reflection of his Oedipus complex in where he can not identify with his father nor can he get close to his mother. Since he is dealing with his own confusion of his own identity he can no longer have feelings of closeness with either parent causing him to feel abandoned. His father abandoned him at an early age and so he never had that feeling of closeness with his father. Being as though he did not have that male role during his growing up he can not feel that sense of love coming from either parent which caused him to come up with the ego identity model in his own practices. Freud didn't exactly invent the idea of the conscious versus unconscious mind, but he certainly was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, what have you. Working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what we might today call "available memory:" anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories you are not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to mind. Now no-one has a problem with these two layers of mind. But Freud suggested that these are the smallest parts! Freud created a sense of super ego where you internalize the parental standards, ideas, and prohibitions. Since Erikson had no parents to identify with his sense of standards were nonexistent. He had a feeling of inferiority in rel... ...p; Obviously, everyone suffers from inferiority in one form or another. For example, Adler began his theoretical work considering organ inferiority, that is, the fact that each of us has weaker, as well as stronger, parts of our anatomy or physiology. Some of us are born with heart murmurs, or develop heart problems early in life; Some have weak lungs, or kidneys, or early liver problems; Some of us stutter or lisp; Some have diabetes, or asthma, or polio; Some have weak eyes, or poor hearing, or a poor musculature; Some of us have innate tendencies to being heavy, others to being skinny; Some of us are retarded, some of us are deformed; Some of us are terribly tall or terribly short; And so on and so on. Both Erikson and Rogers possessed different qualities that can be attributed to other psychologists to evaluate themselves and their performance in the world of psychology. Each different theorist created a different contribution to psychology and neither one is right or wrong. It is up to each individual person to create their own image of what is right or wrong and what they want to teach in their lives and use in their every day life.

Matthew 17: 1-13 Essay -- The Transfiguration of Jesus

Introduction The passage of this exegetical paper, Matthew 17:1-13, is the narrative of the transfiguration of Jesus on a mountain with three of His disciples Peter, James and John as witnesses. Literary Criticism Context Matthew 16:21-28, the passage before mine, Jesus had revealed to His disciples His upcoming suffering, death and resurrection. He informed them that His followers would have to take up their cross to be with Him. Carrying your cross in that period of time meant a torturous, painful and humiliating death, therefore, it meant being willing to die to follow Christ. Before anyone would be willing to die for another, they would need faith in Christ to do so. This passage provided the background context that directly affected my passage. Six days later Jesus took three disciples up the mountain to witness His transfiguration, thereby providing proof that He was the Son of God. The passage after my mine, although it does not affect my verse, it does reflect my verse because it tells what took place after Jesus and His disciples came down the mountain. Verses 14-20 tell the story of Jesus miracously healing a boy with epilepsy at the bequest of his father as He descended the mountain into the town. After healing the child, Christ began to teach and as He spoke the town’s crowd began to gather closely to hear. Jesus told the gathering crowd in Matthew 17:22-23 that He would be delivered to die and be resurrected on the third day. This section relates to my passage because it correlates Christ’s preparation of His disciples then the people of his death and resurrection. Form Criticism The Gospel of Matthew is a historical, symbolic narrative of Jesus’ life aimed at the Jewish Christian community... ... J. Karris. The Collegeville Bible Commentary. Liturgical Press, 1989. Book. Broadus, John Albert and Hovet Alvah. Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew. Washington D.C.: American Baptist Publication Society, 1886. book. Evans, Craig A. Matthew. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012. Book. MacArthur, John F. The MacArthur New Testament Commentary Matthew 16-23 . Chicago: Moody Publishers, 1977. Book. Morris, Leon. The Gospel According to Matthew. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1992. book. Palmer, Edwin H. NIV Holy Bible, New Testament (Red Letter Edition. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984. Book. Porter and Coates. The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ... Philadelphia: Porter and Coates, 1881. book. Zuck, Roy B. The Bible Knowledge Commentary: An Exposition of the Scriptures, Volume 1. Colorado Springs: David C. Cook, 1983. Book.

George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 :: Free Essays on 1984

The Orwell’s perception of an ideal government is pretty much the same as Montesqueue describes in â€Å"Persian letters†. They both seem to think that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials. As opposed to totalitarian regime of the Party, Montesque’s ideal government would be the government elected by people and not a product of a despotic ruler’s ideas. He, as well as the Orwell believed that the success of democracy- a government in which the people have the power - depended upon maintaining the right balance of power. Moreover, the only way of achieving this would be dividing power onto three branches: an authority that enforced laws (like a king), Parliament, which made laws, and the judges in courts who interpreted laws. According to Montesqueue it is called ‘separation of powers’. Avoiding placing too much power on one individual or group of individuals would certainly prevent total itarian governments of coming into existence. Therefore, no branch of the government could threaten the freedom of the people. Orwell’s society displays a threatening projection of a totalitarian system into the future. Indeed it is a regime very similar to the tyrannies of the 20th century and strongly echoes Stalin Russia or Nazi Germany. The dominant mood inside this repressive system is one of threat and suppression due to the systematic persecution and oppression of non-conformists. As Goldstein explains in his ‘Oligarchical Collectivism’ there have always been three classes: the high, the middle and the low with the middle and the high constantly changing their respective position. Eventually this movement was identified by historians as being cyclical. In an attempt to interrupt this recurring pattern the Party is essentially focusing on the problem of Stability. Indeed Stability becomes principal in Oceania as well as in the other two superpowers Eastasia and Eurasia. In short it is the problem of how to keep things the way they are and maintain a hierarchical society without risk ing an overthrow of the established system. Several devices and attitudes have been conceived to achieve this aim. First of all the Party constantly controls and monitors its subjects. A crucial device in this scheme is the telescreen which, by being able to send as well as to receive information, allows a constant surveillance of all Party members. In addition other institutions such as the Thought Police or the Spies have been contrived to guarantee a maximum of surveillance.

Alternative Beverage Industry †Paper Essay

1. What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U.S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. The strategically relevant components of the global and U.S. beverage industry macro-environment are Market Size, Market Growth, Markets Segmentation, and Intensity of Rivalry. Market Size: The beverage industry serves an incredible large market. In 2009 alone, the beverage market consumed more than 458 million liters of beverage, resulting in over $1.58 trillion in sales for the industry. Although there is a declining trend in the consumption of carbonated soft drinks in the United States, as of 2009, carbonated soft drinks still accounts for the lion share of the U.S. beverage market with 48.2% of the market; while bottle water and fruit juice account for 29.2% and 12.4%, respectively. The remaining market space was occupied by the alternative beverages segment, which includes sports drinks, flavored or enhanced water, and energy drinks with 4.0%, 1.6%, and 1.2%, respectively Market Growth: While U.S. beverage market saw a decline of 2.1% and 3.1% for the years 2008 and 2009, respectively, due in large part to the economic recession, the global market dollar value as well as volume sales saw an increase year-after-year, from 2005 to 2009. The industry is expected to maintain a growth trend, with sales forecasted to reach approximately $1.78 trillion in 2014, as beverage producer enter new market and develop new types of beverages to accommodate the shifting consumer preferences—and capitalize on the growing and profitable alternative beverage segment. Market Segmentation: The global beverage market is categorized as carbonated soft drinks (soda), bottle water and alternative beverages, which includes sports drinks, energy drinks, vitamin-enhanced water, energy shots, and relaxation drinks. Sports drinks accounted for nearly 60 percent of alternative beverage sales in 2009, while vitamin-enhanced drinks and energy drinks were approximately 23% and 18% of sales in the U.S., respectively. Scope of rivalry: There has been a long lasting rivalry in the carbonated beverage market segment between the two largest producers—PepsiCo and Coco-Cola. However, in the alternative beverage segment, other than Red Bull and Hansen Natural Corporation which also have international presence, most of the other sellers are specialty or regional brands, with distribution limited to a small geographic region. 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? Competition in the alternative beverage industry is low to moderate. Although there are many sellers, the high profit margin in the alternative beverage segment allows for everyone to earn respectable profit. In addition, the leaders, PepsiCo, Coca-Cola and Red Bull appear to understand the importance of maintaining the stability of the industry as a whole, as opposed to aggressively jockeying for individual strategic advantage at the expense of the industry. Although the five competitive forces in the beverage industry are quite favorable, threat of substitute product is the strongest force. This is evidence by the fact that branding and taste are the primary strategic differentiations in the segment. Additionally, the cost of switching is undiscernibly low; and there were many substitute alternative beverages such as tea, soft drinks, fruit juices, bottled water and tap water, which made it easier for consumers to easily switch from one brand to another. The bargaining power and leverage of suppliers was the weakest competitive force because, with the exception of few rare ingredients, there are many suppliers available for producers to purchase ingredients from. Suppliers for packaging are also abundant. Even though substitute products had a bigger market share in the US, consumers bought more alternative beverages. This change in customer preference weakened the competitive power of substitute beverages. The threat of new brands varies by the development of each alternative beverage category. There is a low threat for mature categories and moderate to strong in young categories. During the early stages of developing a category, when famous brand leaders had yet to be established, the threat of entry in alternative beverage categories was strong. This enabled consumers who did not have a brand preference to be attracted to new beverages and allow a quick gain in market share. Once brand preference is established, the threat of entry would is lower for all types of alternative beverages except energy shots and relaxation drinks. The proficiency among sellers of alternative beverages could be considered the strongest competitive force. Among the sellers of energy drinks and other alternative beverages competition among major brands is focused on brand image, taste, packaging, R&D, sales promotions, endorsements, and better access to shelf space. 3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changed? What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? As the industry experiences a saturation rate for all types of beverages in the mature markets (i.e. the U.S. and Europe), it is exercising great effort to enter new international markets . In fact, the industry is expected to gain a good portion of its future growth from consumers in developing countries. As a result, maturity of change in the long-term growth rate, industry consolidation and product innovation are all driving forces of the alternative beverage industry. The annual rate of growth for the dollar value of the global market for alternative beverages was forecasted to decline from the 9.8 percent annual rate occurring between 2005 and 2009 to an anticipated annual rate of 5.7 percent – 2010 through 2014. While dollar value growth rates were expected to decline only slightly in Europe and Asia-Pacific, the annual rate of growth in the U.S. was projected to decline from 16.6 percent during 2005 – 2009 to 6.7% between 2010 and 2014. Product innovation is a constant force as the alternative beverage industry is continuing to create new ideas that give rise to new beverage industry categories and niches. Drivers of change are unlikely to dramatically alter the attractiveness of the alternative beverage industry in the next 3-5 years. Even with a slowing economy, there is no indication that the larger producers such as Red Bull GmbH, Coca-Cola, or PepsiCo are prepared to compete aggressively on price for volume and market share gains. They will likely rely on product innovation and acquisitions to increase sales and market shares. However, the individual and collective effect of industry drivers of change can make the industry less attractive for unknown independent brands unless such companies gain an advantage in the industry. 4. What does your strategic group map of the energy drink, sports drink, and vitamin-enhanced beverage industry look like? What strategy groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? The strategic group maps show the industry participants competing in scope of geographic distribution and brand portfolio breadth. It shows that beverage producers competing internationally with broad brand portfolios are positioned most favorably in the industry, because as the matured market saturate, and volume sale declines, the producers with international presence and capabilities will have the edge to enter into other international markets. Companies with a single brand and regional or national distribution only (i.e., Living Essentials, Vacation in a Bottle (ViB), Dream Water, or Drank) seem to be positioned most poorly in the industry because they are positioned as specialty or regional brand, which exposes them to the ebb and flows of market conditions of the economic cond ition or consumer preference of a narrow market. The current level of competition makes it doubtful that small regional producers will survive over the long-term unless acquired by a large international bottler. 5. What key factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers? There are four factors that are necessary for competitive success in the alternative beverage industry. The first one is access to distribution, which is seen as the most important industry success factor due to the fact that most brands of energy drinks/alternative beverages cannot achieve good sales volumes and market shares unless they are widely available in stores, and there are also too many brands for all to be included on store shelves, especially in convenient stores who require placement fees. The second factor is innovating product skills. By definition, alternative beverages were different from traditional beverage; line extensions permitted entry to new categories. The third one is name brand, which was also a critical factor in choosing a target customer demographic. The image which the brand represents and exemplified and emphasized in advertisements, endorsements, and promotions created a following and demand for one brand over another. Brand image was also a result of labels and packaging that alternative beverage consumer found appealing; small producers with poor image building capabilities had difficulty competing in the industry. Finally, sufficient sales volume to achieve scale economies in marketing expenditures is also an important driver. Successful alternative beverage producers were required to have sufficient sales volumes in order maintain marketing expenses at an acceptable cost per unit ratio. 6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? To PepsiCo? To Red Bull GmbH? Coca-Cola should go beyond a distribution deal with Living Essentials’ 5-Hour Energy drink, and instead, make a move to acquire it. Secondly, with only 10.2% of market share in the United States, as compared to PepsiCo’s 47.7%, Coca-Cola should focus on building strength in alternative beverage sales in Asia where it has a slight edge over its competitors. As globally established brand, and the market leader in the alternative beverage segment, PepsiCo is well positioned to maintain its market strength in the foreseeable future. And with its global distribution capacity, PepsiCo should leverage its strength and aggressively enter new markets in Asia, South America, Africa and the Middle East before its competitors and or new entrants gets ahead of it. For its U.S market, PepsiCo should continue to maintain its market position by investing in R&D in order to develop new expand its product lines. As the energy drink market leader in the U.S. and the third-largest producer of alternative beverages worldwide and the number two seller of alternative beverages in the U.S. and Europe, Red Bull had notable performance for an independent producer. To maintain their competitive advantage, Red Bull GmbH should also create product line extensions to aid in the appeal of its brand.

Prewar Marxism in Japan Essay

Marxism was coined after its proponent, Karl Marx who believed that the abuses of capitalism would lastly lead to uprisings of the masses particularly of the whole works bod. According to him, the aggrieved plight of the working class will start out the key in unleashing the inevitable clashes between the classes. In his argument, capitalism will be replaced by communism, in which in his view, this set-up of free economy opens a gate to many inequalities in the troupe, do the weak and poor more dangerous to the flaws of the system.As Uno Kozo observed in his work, The fragrance of Capital, The commodification of the labor force remains the crux of the matter of Capitalism (SJT, pp.243). To Marx belief, Communism is the common self-control of the means of production. There would be public ownership of farms, factories, raw materials, and the like. To him, each means of production will be owned by the workers and still workers would at long last become workers. In lac quer, Marxism was first introduced in the late 1890s but it was in the 1920s that it started to catch attention and sponsor from the quite a little particularly from the intellectuals (SJT, pp 239 Beckmann, pp. 139). The premature rednesss belonged to 2 different assemblages, the reformers and the revolutionary. The reformers followed Tolstoian humanitarianism, advocated universal suffrage, and pursued reforms through with(predicate) parliamentary bodily function. While the revolutionaries believed in the Materialist ideas from the German and French Marxist. They adhered to the idea of class scrape and direct revolutionary action by class-conscious workers. The revolutionaries were too attracted to the tactics of the anarcho-syndicalism (Beckmann pp. 140). The miscellaneous differences of principles of the Early Marxists in Japan had ab initio signaled that a cockeyed unified group would be quite a contest to create a remarkable impact. In fact, at its onset Marxism was already tell with three general flaws such as its systematic character that degenerates into dogmatism putative(prenominal) universality that recalls its foreign origin and its faultfinding modus operandi that provokes infighting and organizational fragmentation (SJT, pp241 ). But all these are generalized observations sums up apparent enlightenment on why it seemed to erupt that prewar Marxism was never a policy-making success. However, it is pertinent to note that these observations envelopes one or more historical accounts and empirical evidences of the ramp upes and death of prewar Marxism in Japan. The idea of Marxism had its strong appeal in the university circle quiet mainly of the professors and students. In fact, one of its early and notable supporters was Kawakami Hajime of the Kyoto Imperial University. He wrote may treatises on Marxism and provided valuable assistance to otherwise advocates in the persons of Sakai Toshihiko, Arahata Kanson among others (Bec kmann pp. 145). At that time, the battleground was publish material like newspaper wherein quite a little can be informed and rifle influenced at the selfsame(prenominal) time.At or so point, it created impact and stirred the discontentment of the people resulting to the ruction for reforms in Nipponese ordering. This clamor was highlighted more by the onset of the Japan Modernization process in which new demands for the fundamental changes in the society is created (Beckamm pp146). To commendation Beckamm, Marxism was attractive to them be suffice it provided the fullest explanation of the idea of build that they had yet encountered. They were easily seduced by the Marxist proposition that through the dialectic progress was inevitable. Dialectical materialism gave them (supporters) a scientific methodology for analyzing Japanese society, as sound as general principles of strategy for effecting change. But no matter how impassioned the campaign was and how dynamic the intellectual debates were, record underscores that prewar Marxism fell short in achieving its a good deal desired political change. The variables poignant this result are attributed to both extraneous and internal tall(prenominal)ies encountered by the group. It is believed that too oftentimes emphasis on theoretical expression has left the advocates confused on what is touchable and what is not. And what is real during that time, is the dominance of the standpat(prenominal) selected who managed to uphold Japanese value system. merely important institutions of Japanese society inculcated obedience, loyalty, and consideration over freedom, individual rights, and equality.All these summed up to hostilities of the society to individuals who think otherwise. Thus, it resulted to numerable forgoing from Communism and Socialism parties. It may also be relevant to note that conservative value system of Japanese society and the so called patterns of behavior during the moderniz ation intent contributed to the prevention of basic antagonism from creation open clashes. Many intellectuals may be vocal in their convictions but a greater chassis of them seemed anxious to cooperate the mass hurly burly maybe because of the behavioral patterns pervading in the society and of the enveloping pledge not to disgrace the family through excursus from the generally accepted behavior.Another booby trap of the prewar Marxism is the real nature that the political theory was alien and much worse, dependent on the support of a foreign stir which is labeled as enemy and rival of their own country. It could not simply abound the much preferred paradigm of Japanese Nationalism and Confucianism. Furthermore, the movement cannot fight evenly with the raw power of the state especially of its police and military predisposition. This is for the obvious solid ground that communists had no civil liberties to protect them. As a matter of fact, party organizations were de struct through various man-arrest in 1923, 1928, 1929, and much frequently in the 1930s. These arrests made it difficult for the advocates to maintain a substantial number that could function effectively for its cause (Beckamm, pp 148-150) a lot had been said by the writings and works of the early believers but less had been done. In the labor movement itself, the support and booking was only a small percent of the whole sector. Many who joined the cause were in the small and medium enterprises and some none from the large industries.A some participation reflected that many have gone(p) disillusioned or remained uninspired by the movement due to many failures of negotiations and strikes. The same also goes for the peasants, the Japanese agricultural communities and families were unreceptive and to some measure were hostile to Communism and Socialism. This maybe because the peasant movement lacks maven central leadership that could have had become an effective channel of influ ence (Beckamm, pp150). The Commintern constitution also posted a challenge to the thriving ideology of Marxism. It added certain breaker point of divisiveness among the people in the movement. Also, it provided a truly good issue that kept the proponents invade in arguing as to which would be the good and effective direction to vigilance towards the desired impact on Japanese society. Is it the bourgeois-democratic or the proletarian revolution? Again, it handle disunity, conflict, and frustration among themselves. The defection of Etsuzo, Sano, and Nabeyama also influenced pesterer believers to defect and to condemn all unitedly the principles and actions of the group they once pledge homage and commitment (Beckmann, pp160 166). In totality, prewar Marxism in Japan made numerous progresses and successes in bringing out brilliance among Japanese intellectuals. However, it was never translated into a political action that would have given life to the very essence of the teac hings of Karl Marx. Though numerous reasons attempt to explain this result, but maybe the only reason true enough to get a line its failure is the one said by George Beckmann, the very nature of Japanese society made it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for a Communist movement to exist, let alone operate with any degree of military capabilityto Marxist-Leninist terms, the objective conditions were not at all favorable. (Beckmann pp. 152)